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Saturday, 17 May 2014

Semi-Open Numbering Plan

Number Format
Area Code: 2-5 digits
Subscriber Number: 4-7 digits
Trunk Prefix: 0
International Prefix: 00

Area code information
1 July 2009 - Karachi, Lahore numbers expand to 8 digits
 An extra digit was perpended to Karachi (+92 21) and Lahore (+92 42) subscriber numbers effective 1 July 2009, with permissive use of the old and new dialling until 30 September 2009.

 Digit '3' was perpended to subscriber numbers, except those which began with '9' where the digit '9' was perpended. The following shows the migration for Karachi, but the migration for Lahore is the same, except for the +92 42 area code:

Old format New format
---------- ----------
+92 21 2xxxxxx +92 21 32xxxxxx
+92 21 3xxxxxx +92 21 33xxxxxx
+92 21 4xxxxxx +92 21 34xxxxxx
+92 21 5xxxxxx +92 21 35xxxxxx
+92 21 6xxxxxx +92 21 36xxxxxx
+92 21 7xxxxxx +92 21 37xxxxxx
+92 21 8xxxxxx +92 21 38xxxxxx
+92 21 9xxxxxx +92 21 99xxxxxx

1 July 2009 - numbering changes for northern areas, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (+92 58)
Current numbering ranges for the northern areas (NA) and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) are established as follows, under +92 58:

Number range Locality
------------ --------
+92 58 1x xxxxxx Northern Areas (NAs)
+92 58 1x 2xxxxx NAs (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 1x 3xxxxx NAs (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 1x 4xxxxx NAs (special organisations)
+92 58 1x 5xxxxx NAs (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 1x 6xxxxx NAs (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 1x 7xxxxx NAs (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 1x 8xxxxx NAs (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 1x 9xxxxx NAs (government)

+92 58 2x xxxxxx Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K)

+92 58 2x 2xxxxx AJ&K (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 2x 3xxxxx AJ&K (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 2x 4xxxxx AJ&K (special organisations)
+92 58 2x 5xxxxx AJ&K (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 2x 6xxxxx AJ&K (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 2x 7xxxxx AJ&K (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 2x 8xxxxx AJ&K (conventional local loop service)
+92 58 2x 9xxxxx AJ&K (government)
The migration from old to new numbering - changes to subscriber numbering were made in numerous cases, which may not necessarily involve a straightforward conversion from existing subscriber numbers:

1 April 2008 - mobile number restructuring
Pakistan mobile subscriber numbers were expanded from 7 to 8 digits, while their area/access codes were reduced from 3 to 2 digits, excluding trunk prefix or country code.

For most carriers, the sequence of area code and subscriber number digits remains unchanged, especially for calls from outside Pakistan. Numbers for carriers Instaphone, SCOM and Zong (formerly Paktel) received changes to their area code with a digit prepended to the existing 7-digit mobile subscriber number, which means the entire new sequence of digits will not correspond with the old sequence.

There was permissive use of both old and new number formats until 30 June 2008.

Old format            New format          Service
==========      ==========     =======
+92 300 xxxxxxx +92 30 0xxxxxxx Mobilink
+92 301 xxxxxxx +92 30 1xxxxxxx Mobilink
+92 302 xxxxxxx +92 30 2xxxxxxx Mobilink
+92 303 xxxxxxx +92 30 3xxxxxxx Mobilink
+92 304 xxxxxxx +92 31 4xxxxxxx Zong (Paktel) *
+92 306 xxxxxxx +92 30 6xxxxxxx Mobilink
+92 307 xxxxxxx +92 30 7xxxxxxx Mobilink
+92 308 xxxxxxx +92 30 8xxxxxxx Mobilink
+92 320 xxxxxxx +92 36 4xxxxxxx Instaphone *
+92 321 xxxxxxx +92 32 1xxxxxxx Warid
+92 322 xxxxxxx +92 32 2xxxxxxx Warid
+92 323 xxxxxxx +92 32 3xxxxxxx Warid
+92 331 xxxxxxx +92 33 1xxxxxxx Ufone
+92 332 xxxxxxx +92 33 2xxxxxxx Ufone
+92 333 xxxxxxx +92 33 3xxxxxxx Ufone
+92 334 xxxxxxx +92 33 4xxxxxxx Ufone
+92 335 xxxxxxx +92 35 5xxxxxxx SCOM *
+92 342 xxxxxxx +92 34 2xxxxxxx Telenor
+92 343 xxxxxxx +92 34 3xxxxxxx Telenor
+92 344 xxxxxxx +92 34 4xxxxxxx Telenor
+92 345 xxxxxxx +92 34 5xxxxxxx Telenor
+92 346 xxxxxxx +92 34 6xxxxxxx Telenor
(NEW) +92 31 2xxxxxxx Zong (Paktel) *
(NEW) +92 31 3xxxxxxx Zong (Paktel) *

2004-2005? - national renumbering
Pakistan commenced its move towards a standard national numbering plan. Dates of numbering changes were not indicated, but was believed to have begun in late 2004.

The new format consists of either:

2-digit area codes followed by 7-digit subcriber numbers
3-digit area codes followed by 6-digit subcriber numbers
Area codes are consolidated to the following list:

Area code Place
---------    -----
21             Karachi (central, east, south, west, Malir)
22             Hyderabad (including Kotri MC)
235          Sanghar
243          Khairpur

Wednesday, 23 April 2014

Some Valuable FYP's for B.E(Telecom)


    Following are some valuable B.E(Telecommunication) Projects listed collected from several sites of different countries. Hopefully it might help some of our fellow students.
1.      MIMO Based Cognitive Radio
2.      Hardware Implementation of Relays in a Wireless link
3.      Voice communication over ZigBee
4.      Design and Development of integrated video/audio TX/RX
5.      Sensor Network based Platoon Early Engagement System
6.      WSNs based Non-Optical Motion Detection
7.      Eavesdropping System
8.      4th Generation LTE 2x 2 BICM MIMO OFDM Systems
9.      Vehicle Accident Detection and Reporting System
10.  Moving Target Detection And Locking With Moving And Still Camera (Suparco Project) Integrated Security System Using Biometric Sources
11.  Automatic Alignment of Microwave Dish Antennas
12.  Portable Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) Prototype
13.  Implementation of AES on FPGA
14.  An Air Interface for LTE Radio
15.  Wireless Transmission of Audio Bluetooth Technology
16.  Broadband Tactical Antenna
17.  Virtual Orthogonal Antenna
18.  Microwave Beam former Receiver Front End
19.  Network Controlled Eye
20.  Centralized Environmental Network Management and Reporting System (CENM
21.  Development of Jammer against Centralized Remote Control Car Door Locking System based Remote Control Improvised Explosive Devices
22.  Implementation of Networking Waveform on SDR for Design and Development of Digital Baseband Processing Module for VHF/UHF SDRs
23.  Development of GSM Sniffer (GSM Inspector)
24.  Development of Reconfigurable Radio System module for Design and Development of Digital Baseband Processing Module for VHF/UHF SDRs
25.  Hospital Assets, Personnel and Vehicle management Systems
26.  Concealed Weapon Detection
27.  RFID Based Multipurpose System Development
28.  A beam forming Circular Array of Vertical Dipole
29.  VHF band (30-147 MHz) jammer against Remote Control Improvised Explosive Devices being operated by terrorists.
30.  Voice Operated Intelligent Fire Extinguisher Vehicle
31.  Ultrasonic Based Distance Measurement System
32.  Hiding Of Host Image Using Cover Image
33.  Remote Vehicle With Unlimited Range
34.  Robot Navigation Using Optical Odometer
35.  Tongue Motion Controlled Wheel Chair
36.  Tracking And Positioning System
37.  Wireless Load Controller By GSM
38.  Wireless Motor Control System
39.  Obstacle Detection Robot with Ultrasonic Sensors
40.  Voice Operated Intelligent Fire Extinguisher Vehicle
41.  Touch Screen GLCD based Digital Devices Control System
42.  Fire Fighting Robot
43.  Prepaid Energy Meter
44.  Low Cost Anti-Lock Braking and Traction Control
45.  Cell Phone Operated Robot
46.  High Bandwidth Low Noise Amplifier with improved stability over Radio Frequency range
47.  Home Automation Using DTMF Decoder
48.  Infrared Remote Control
49.  On/Off Control And Data Communication Through Power Line
50.  Remote Controlled Robotic Arm
51.  Wireless Advanced Flight Systems Aircraft Monitoring System
52.  Weather Station
53.  Vehicle Speed Sensing and Smoke Detecting System
54.  Vehicle Over Speed Control System
55.  Two ways Wireless Anti-Theft Alarm system for Two Wheeler
56.  Temperature Monitoring System
57.  Tanker Robot For Vision Based Surveillance System
58.  Sensor Based Motion Control Of Mobile Car Robot
59.  Remote Airfield Lighting System
60.  Remote Access Control And Automation System For Electronic Appliances Using Telephone Line
61.  Path Finding And Mapping System
62.  Over Speed Indication And Automatic Accident Avoiding System For Four Wheeler
63.  Intelligent Fire Sprinkler System
64.  Intelligent Alcohol Detection System for CAR
65.  Monitor and Control of Greenhouse Environment
66.  MOBI E-COPS With Multiprocessor Systems
67.  Microcontroller-Based Two-Axis Solar Tracking System
68.  Involuntary Train Collision Prevention System
69.  GSM Digital Security Systems for Printer
70.  GSM Autonomous CAR Parking
71.  GSM Advanced Wireless Earthquake Alarm System For Early Warning
72.  Intelligent Wireless Talking Bus Stop
73.  Intelligent GSM Care For Bus Finding System
74.  Human Area Networking
75.  GSM Unmanned Arial Photography Using Remote Flying Robot
76.  GSM Prepaid EB, Phone Bill System
77.  Wireless Unmanned Tanker Robot
78.  Electronic Vehicle Identification In The Intelligent City
79.  Electronic Passport Using RF-ID
80.  Dynamic Car Parking Negotiation And Guidance Using An Agent-Based Platform
81.  Dumb Signs system using Speech Communication
82.  GSM Real Time Street Light Control Systems
83.  Design Of A Color Sensing System For Textile Industries
84.  GSM Petrol Reader Systems
85.  GSM Path Planning For Blind Person Using Ultrasonic
86.  GSM Path finding System
87.  GSM Energy Meter Debugger Systems
88.  Component Pick-And-Place Scheduling Robot
89.  Bomb Detection Robotics Using Embedded Controller
90.  Blind navigation system using RFID for indoor environments
91.  Automation Of Ration Products Distribution System
92.  Automatic Energy Management Systems
93.  GSM Automated And Unmanned Control System Of Railway Crossing
94.  Attendance Monitoring Intelligent Classroom
95.  An Automatic Mobile Recharger Station
96.  Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Network for Sewerage Monitoring
97.  Voting Machine
98.  VHDL Modeling of Glue Logic of 1553b Interface Board
99.  Variable Power Supply
100. Traffic Light Control System
101. Towers of Hanoi
102. Telephone Triggered Switches
103. Telephone Router
104. Telephone Answering Machine
105. Speed Sensor
106. Service Channel Terminating Unit for Digital Microwave System
107. RTOS (VX Works) Based Control And Safety Monitoring
108. Radar Data Acquisition System
109. Packet Analyzer
110. Online Device Controller
111. Network Monitoring System Communication
112. Multiplier Accumulator Component VHDL Implementation
113. Multidimensional Visualization System
114. Multi-Channel Infra Red Remote Control
115. Microwave Bandpass Filter
116. Microcontroller Based Cellular Voting Machine
117. Microcontroller - based electronic Locking system module
118. Micro Controller based Security System using Sonar
119. Integrated Photonic Microwave Band Pass Filter
120. Integrated Circuit Tester
121. Highway Alert lamp
122. Energy Consumption Indicators
123. Electronic Number Lock
124. Electricity Theft Monitoring System
125. Efficient Coding Technique for Aerospace Telecommand system
126. eBadge Using RFID With Biometrics
127. Design of Manchester Encoder-decoder in VHDL
128. Cordless Power Controller
129. Centrally Controlled Multichannel Token Display
130. CCU SIMULATOR
131. Card Based Security System
132. Band Pass Filter
133. Automatic Over Speed Detector
134. Appliances Security Controller Using Power Line
135. Alarm Annunciator with Real Time Event Recorder
136. Access Control System
137. A Bi-directional Visitors Counter
138. Virtual Class Rooms
139. Microcontroller Based Barcode Decoder
140. Railway Switches And Signals

Wednesday, 30 October 2013

Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter?

Because the earth's axis is tilted.

It is all about the tilt of the Earth's axis. Many people believe that the temperature changes because the Earth is farthest from the sun in July and is closest to the sun in January.....!!!

During the summer, the sun's rays hit the Earth at a steep angle. The light does not spread out as much, thus increasing the amount of energy hitting any given spot. Also, the long daylight hours allow the Earth plenty of time to reach warm temperatures.....!!!

During the winter, the sun's rays hit the Earth at a shallow angle. These rays are more spread out, which minimizes the amount of energy that hits any given spot. Also, the long nights and short days prevent the Earth from warming up. Thus, we have winter.....!!!!


Fig01. Earth Position In different months.

Our planet Earth reaches perihelion – The word “perihelion” is from the Greek words peri meaning near, and helios meaning sun, its closest point to the sun for the year – on January 4, 2014.

Earth is closest to the sun every year in early January, when it’s winter for the Northern Hemisphere. We’re farthest away from the sun in early July, during our Northern Hemisphere summer. So you can see that Earth’s distance from the sun isn’t what causes the seasons. On Earth, it’s mostly the tilt of our world’s axis that creates winter and summer. In winter, your part of Earth is tilted away from the sun. In summer, your part of Earth is tilted toward the sun. The day of maximum tilt toward or away from the sun is the December or June solstice.
  Fig02. Tilt of Earth in Summer and winter.